Symbols in mathematics
Until the 15th century, there was no unified mathematical symbolism. All sentences, theorems, equations, and problems could only be expressed verbally. At the beginning of algebraic symbolism stood Johann Widmann (15th century). In his work from 1489, the symbols +, – appear for the first time. These symbols were already known earlier. Merchants used them to mark bags of goods to indicate whether the weight of the bag was below or above the specified weight. Christoff Rudolff (1500 – 1545) in 1525 denoted the square root with V and the cube root with VV. The Italian mathematician Luca Paciolli (1448 – 1514) denoted the square root as Rx2, the cube root as Rx3. For addition, he introduced the symbol p~, and for subtraction, m~. He did not use parentheses. 
The Frenchman Nicolas Chuquet (? – 1500), in his work Science of Numbers (1484), used negative integers and negative exponents in the form 5–2. He denoted the square root as Rx2, the cube root as Rx3. Instead of parentheses, he underlined the expression.
Nicole Oresme (1323 – 1382), in his work Algoritmus proportionum, which was published in print only in 1500, introduced the fractional exponent. For example, he wrote 8 as:
It should be added that the fraction bar was already used at the beginning of the 13th century by L. Fibonacci (1170 – 1250). Two parallel lines = as the symbol for “equals” were first used by the Moorish mathematician Abdul Alkasadi (15th century). Parentheses were introduced into mathematics in 1629 by Albert Girard (1590 – 1633). The symbol X for multiplication was first written in 1631 by the English mathematician William Oughtred. The Bolognese mathematician Rafael Bombelli (1530? – after 1572) was already dealing with roots of negative numbers in the 16th century. He understood the number 2i as … A great contribution to the development of mathematical symbolism was made by the French mathematician Francois Viéte (1540 – 1605). He introduced letters of the alphabet into equations to represent unknowns and variables. The development of mathematical symbolism was further advanced by René Descartes (1596 – 1650), who, as the creator of analytic geometry, applied algebra to geometry. I. Newton (1643 – 1720), G.F. Leibniz (1646 – 1716), and L. Euler (1707 – 1783) created the symbolism for differential and integral calculus.